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WASHINGTON — U.S. President Joe Biden on Monday nominated Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell for a second four-year term, positioning the former investment banker to continue the most consequential revamp of monetary policy since the 1970s and finish guiding the economy out of the pandemic crisis.
Lael Brainard, the Federal Reserve board member who was the other top candidate for the job, will be vice chair, the White House said.
Combined, the nominations pair two monetary policy veterans and collaborators on a recent overhaul of Fed policy, which shifted the emphasis to jobs from the preeminent focus on inflation established some four decades ago, to keep U.S. job growth underway while also ensuring recent strong inflation doesn't become entrenched.
Biden, a Democrat, credited his own economic agenda and "the decisive action that the Federal Reserve has taken" for helping to get Americans back to work over the last 10 months during the pandemic.
Powell, 68, and Brainard, 59, will both need to be confirmed in their Fed leadership roles by the Senate, currently controlled by Biden's Democratic party but closely divided. The president has for now left open several other Fed positions, including that of vice chair for supervision, that he may fill as soon as next month and that could be used to toughen bank regulation, improve diversity, and make other changes his supporters have urged for the Fed.
But for the Fed's core monetary policy — managing inflation and setting interest rates as the economy reopens from the pandemic — Biden opted for continuity.
"They are veterans and mature public servants and there has been very little difference between them" on monetary policy said Adam Posen, president of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Together Powell, a moderate Republican, and Brainard, who served in prior Democratic administrations, "gives potentially non-partisan credibility to a more realistic assessment of inflation risks" the United States faces.
That reassessment could mean interest rate increases coming sooner than later if inflation proves more persistent than expected.
U.S. stocks hit record highs after the news. Treasury bond yields also rose and the dollar strengthened.
Powell's reappointment had been encouraged by a cross-section of investors and economists with both conservative and liberal leanings.
The Fed's aggressive actions at the start of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020 were hailed as staving off a potential Depression. Later, some lauded his focus on jobs in the new policy framework launched just over a year ago, and others argued it would be too risky to oust the Fed chair during a sensitive transition from the emergency measures taken during the health crisis.
A recent run of inflation has added to the uncertainty — and the political risks that the White House might have taken on in switching gears.
"We need stability and independence at the Federal Reserve — and I have full confidence after their trial by fire over the last 20 months that Chair Powell and Dr. Brainard will provide the strong leadership our country needs," Biden said in a statement.
The current recovery has produced risks of persistent inflation even with 4.2 million jobs still missing because of the pandemic — a potential conflict between the Fed's twin goals of maintaining maximum employment and stable prices.
Chance to cement a legacy
Powell's second term would begin in early February, and the coming months will be crucial in determining whether his legacy will be as the Fed chair who elevated employment to the center of Fed policy, or as the one who let inflation surge and reestablish itself as a chronic problem.
Powell, who joined the Fed as a governor in 2012, did not anticipate being named chair when Donald Trump was elected. With a pre-Fed career that had included eight years as a partner at The Carlyle Group, one of the world's largest private equity firms, and no formal economics training, he had instead eyed the vice chair for supervision position eventually filled by Randal Quarles. He was confirmed as Fed chair on an 84-13 vote, with Warren and Kamala Harris, now Biden's vice president, among those opposing him.
He soon ran afoul of Trump, who hurled unprecedented public broadsides against Powell over Twitter and in frequent media appearances. At one point Trump labeled Powell an "enemy" of the United States for raising interest rates and explored whether he could fire him.
Powell not only survived but arguably grew in the job.
Initially hawkish as a governor, upon assuming the helm for U.S. monetary policy he considered himself a student at first, paying particular attention to arguments over whether the Fed's focus on inflation had disadvantaged workers. The years since the 2007 to 2009 financial crisis had convinced many that was the case.
In November 2018, Powell launched a policy review that culminated in August 2020 with the adoption of an approach allowing economic expansions to run longer and "hotter," with temporarily higher rates of inflation. Ideally, that would lead to job gains that reach broadly into society and narrow the gaps in unemployment among different demographic groups.
It was an approach that conformed to what seemed then to be the changing nature of the U.S. economy, with embedded low inflation and low interest rates, and adapted as well to the demands of a pandemic crisis that threatened a permanent hole in the U.S. job market.
Just over a year into that new approach, however, inflation is running at levels not seen in decades as resurgent demand for goods and services outstrips the supply of materials and labor in an economy still shaking off the rust of pandemic shutdowns.
"The new leadership team faces some very tough calls in the period ahead," wrote Evercore ISI vice chair Krishna Guha.
