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Programmable thermostats save you money. Thats a no-brainer, right? Youve seen that advice in books and magazines and on personal-finance blogs even here at Get Rich Slowly.
Well, it turns out programmable thermostats arent the miracle device weve believed all along. In fact, sometimes using a programmable thermostat costs more than not having one at all. But the fault doesnt lie with the thermostat. The trouble, as my father used to say, is the nut behind the wheel.
Theory and practice
In theory, programmable thermostats are a great way to save on home energy costs.
According to the Energy Information Administration, about 42% of home energy costs go to heating and cooling. A lot of these costs come from heating and cooling empty (or unused) spaces, including heating and cooling while people are asleep. In plain English: People spend a lot to heat and cool their homes, and theyre not good about turning things off when theyre not needed.
In fact, some folks think it uses more energy (and thus costs more) to turn the thermostat down at night and then re-heat the following day. Theyre wrong. A 1978 research paper (Energy Savings through Thermostat Setbacks by Nelson and MacArthur) confirmed basic physics. On average, if you turn the thermostat down by one degree Fahrenheit for eight hours every night, youll use about 1% less energy. (So, if you turn the temperature down by 10 degrees every night, youll use about 10% less energy.) But note that youll see less savings in milder climates (the bigger the difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures, the more you save by adjusting the thermostat) and with electric heat.
Based on this, it makes sense that a programmable thermostat could reduce energy usage. You simply program the thermostat to warm (or cool) your home when youre actually there; when youre away (or asleep), the thermostat switches off. As is often the case, though, practice is different than theory.
The main problem is that people dont use programmable thermostats the way theyre intended. Someone might keep the home cool during the day, for instance, but crank the heat above room temperature at night. But even when used properly, programmable thermostats may not offer a cost savings.
Wheres the savings?
An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document from 2004 describing the Energy Star programmable thermostats specification [PDF] summarizes the research into their efficacy:
Consumers are often advised that installing a programmable thermostat can save them anywhere from 10 to 30% on the space heating and cooling portion of their energy bills. While reliant on proper use of the programmable thermostat, such savings are easily true in theory; however, there needs to be more field-tested data to better substantiate savings claims. Analyses from recent field studies have suggested that programmable thermostats may be achieving considerably lower savings than their estimated potential.
How much lower? In 2007, RLW Analytics prepared a report for GasNetworks, a New England-based energy company. Validating the Impact of Programmable Thermostats [PDF] found that using an Energy Star-certified programmable thermostat produced an average savings of about 6.2% of total household annual natural gas consumption. Those who installed programmable thermostats into older heating systems (in other words, those who didnt install a new heating system at the same time) saved an average of 6.8%.
And that study painted the rosiest picture of programmable thermostats.
Note: The New England study also found that people who micromanage their manual thermostats use more energy than those who just leave them at predefined points for longer periods of time.
In 2000, the Energy Center of Wisconsin published a report entitled Programmable Thermostats Gone Berserk? Taking a Social Perspective on Space Heating in Wisconsin [PDF]. The study found, in part, that:
Despite the emphasis that has been placed on the use of programmable thermostats to reduce thermostat setpoints and so save heating energy, respondents with programmable thermostats report thermostat setpoints that are not substantially different from those of respondents with manual thermostats.
[...]
These details and the conclusions above lead us to suspect that the aggregate savings that can be expected from the installation of programmable thermostats in residential housing is probably quite modest.
Elsewhere, its worse. Sometimes those with programmable thermostats use more energy. In 2008-2009, Florida Power & Light conducted a study of 400 homes with programmable thermostats [PDF]. Turns out that those who programmed their thermostats actually used 12% more cooling energy than those who did not.
Sure, those who programmed the thermostat used less energy when they werent around; however, they tended to set the thermostat much lower for the times they were home. As a result, the folks who did nothing saved more energy.
Why is there a discrepancy between the theoretical and actual savings with programmable thermostats? Because the proposed savings were, in actuality, theoretical. That is, they were based on computer models and not on real-world experience. Now that theres enough real-world data, its clear that programmable thermostats have only a minimal impact on energy consumption. As in other areas of personal finance, its human behavior that make the most difference.
The bottom line
In May 2009, the EPA suspended Energy Star certification for programmable thermostats [PDF], writing:
EPA has been unable to confirm any improvement in terms of the savings delivered by programmable thermostats and has no credible basis for continuing to extend the current Energy Star specification.
Programmable thermostats can reduce energy consumption if theyre used right. But so can regular thermostats. What does make a difference on your heating and cooling costs? According to the Wisconsin study I mentioned earlier, your attitude toward conservation makes a big difference in energy consumption.
Our thermostat is programmed for 65 when were home and 58 when were away or asleep. It kicks on about an hour before we wake or arrive home. (We dont have a cooling system, so the thermostat doesnt get used from June to October.)
After all these words, the bottom line is common sense: Whether you use a programmable thermostat or not, if you turn down the heat (or turn off the air conditioning) when you dont need it, youll save money.
Further reading: This entire article reminds me of last years post about money myths and the importance of thinking for yourself. Remember: Nobody cares more about your money than you do. Dont just take someone elses word about financial matters not even mine. Conduct your own tests and experiments. Read. Draw your own conclusions. Do what works for you.
Footnote: This post was inspired by a discussion at The Simple Dollar, in which Lurker Carl pointed out that programmable thermostats have come under fire. His comment prompted me to spend three hours researching this stuff and another two hours writing up my findings.
---Related Articles at Get Rich Slowly - Personal Finance That Makes Sense.:Programmable Thermostats: A Three-Month ReviewTaking Care of BusinessDaily Links: Fall Color EditionCheap Ways to Stay Warm this WinterHow to Lower Your Heating Bills This Winter
