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LONDON — The global market for children's over-the-counter cough, cold and allergy remedies in 2022 was worth about $2.5 billion, according to market research firm Euromonitor.
These medicines combine active ingredients such as acetaminophen to reduce fever with a syrup made from glycerin or propylene glycol that is safe, sweet and easy to swallow.
In Gambia, imported cough syrup for children was found by global health officials to be contaminated with two highly toxic substances: ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. Both can be a byproduct of making propylene glycol, said Dr Chaitanya Kumar Koduri, director of regulatory engagement at U.S. Pharmacopeia, a non-profit that helps set drug-making standards globally.
Manufacturers making propylene glycol for pharmaceutical use must purify it to remove any toxins, Kumar Koduri said. International standards allow only trace amounts of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in medicines: not more than 0.10% of weight per volume, or 0.10g per 100ml of the syrup.
All the substances have similar properties. But while propylene glycol is non-toxic, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol are extremely harmful. When ingested, they lead to kidney failure and ultimately death without speedy treatment, pathologists say.
How lethal the dose is depends partly on the weight of the person who takes it. Children, being smaller, are more vulnerable than adults.
Mix-ups can happen due to human error, said Kumar Koduri. But in the past, industrial grade propylene glycol, or even pure ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol have been substituted by suppliers or manufacturers because they are cheaper.
Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol can cost less than half the price of propylene glycol, according to two websites selling the chemicals.
In the 1990s, nearly 90 children in Haiti and more than 200 children in Bangladesh were killed by diethylene glycol in acetaminophen syrups. More recently, children have died in separate incidents in Panama, India and Nigeria.
Global guidelines drawn up by the World Health Organization have been tightened since, including urging manufacturers to do more tests of their ingredients and finished products. But it is up to individual countries to draft laws and enforce them, at both the point of production and consumption.
Contributing: Natalie Grover
